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India’s democratic framework is vast and diverse, extending beyond the national Parliament into its state legislatures. While most Indian states have a unicameral system (one legislative house), a few have bicameral legislatures, comprising two houses: the Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) and the Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad). This system plays a crucial role in maintaining checks and balances at the state level.
In this beginner's guide, we explore the structure, functions, and significance of bicameral state legislatures in India, helping you understand their vital contribution to governance.
What Is a Bicameral Legislature?
A bicameral legislature means a legislative system with two separate chambers or houses.
In the Indian context:
Lower House:
Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) – directly elected by the people.
Upper House:
Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) – indirectly elected, representing various sectors of society.
This division aims to ensure broader representation and deeper scrutiny of legislative proposals.
Which States Have Bicameral Legislatures?
As of now, six Indian states have bicameral legislatures:
- Andhra Pradesh
- Bihar
- Karnataka
- Maharashtra
- Telangana
- Uttar Pradesh
Other states function with only a Legislative Assembly.
Composition of the Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha)
Members:
Directly elected by the people through general elections.
Tenure:
Five years, unless dissolved earlier.
Functions:
- Makes laws on state subjects (like police, health, agriculture).
- Controls the state's finances.
- Holds the Executive (Council of Ministers) accountable.
The Assembly is the more powerful house in a bicameral system.
Composition of the Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad)
Members:
- One-third elected by local bodies (municipalities, district boards).
- One-third elected by the Legislative Assembly members.
- One-twelfth elected by teachers.
- One-twelfth elected by graduates.
- One-sixth nominated by the Governor
(persons with special knowledge in arts, literature, science, social service).
Tenure:
Permanent body; members serve for six years, with one-third retiring every two years.
Functions of the Legislative Council:
- Acts as a revising chamber for bills.
- Provides expertise and experience.
- Slows down hasty legislation, ensuring better debate and scrutiny.
Interesting Fact:
Unlike the Rajya Sabha at the Centre, the Legislative Council can be abolished or created by the Parliament upon the state's request (Article 169 of the Constitution).
Advantages of Bicameral Legislatures in States
Checks and Balances:
Prevents rash decisions by the lower house.
Wider Representation:
Different sections of society (teachers, graduates, local bodies) find representation.
Expert Opinions:
Experienced professionals contribute to better legislation.
Continuity:
As a permanent body, the Council ensures institutional memory.
Challenges and Criticisms
Cost:
Maintaining an additional house involves considerable expenditure.
Delay in Legislation:
The revising role can slow down important bills.
Limited Powers:
Councils are often seen as advisory with little real power.
Political Appointments:
Critics argue that Councils sometimes become resting places for unsuccessful politicians.
Example: Creation of Telangana’s Legislative Council
When Telangana became a new state in 2014, it initially had a unicameral legislature. However, considering the need for better representation and deliberation, the Telangana Legislative Council was formed in 2018, making it a bicameral legislature.
Conclusion
Bicameralism at the state level brings diversity, checks, and wisdom to lawmaking. However, it must balance efficiency with representation to remain effective. Understanding the role of bicameral state legislatures helps appreciate how India's democracy deepens not just at the national level but also within its states.
If you found this article helpful, share it with others to spread awareness about India’s legislative processes. Stay informed and participate actively in India's democracy.